W. Stumm and B. Sulzberger, The cycling of iron in natural environments - Considerations based on laboratory studies of heterogeneous redox processes, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1992, 56, 3233–3257 CrossRef CAS . A. M. Jones, R. N. Collins, J. Rose and T. D. Waite, The effect of silica and natural organic matter on the Fe(II)-catalysed transformation and reactivity of Fe(III) minerals, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 2009, 73, 4409–4422 CrossRef CAS . C. M. Chen, R. Kukkadapu and D. L. Sparks, Influence of coprecipitated organic matter on Fe-(aq)(2+)-catalyzed transformation of ferrihydrite: implications for carbon dynamics, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2015, 49, 10927–10936 CrossRef CAS . T. B. Hofstetter, A. Neumann and R. P. Schwarzenbach, Reduction of nitroaromatic compounds by Fe(II) species associated with iron-rich smectites, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2006, 40, 235–242 CrossRef CAS PubMed . And that’s where upgrades like these beauties prove their worth! Swapping out cardboard for acrylic, plastic for wood…..Meeples, minis……there are eleventy billion ways to bling out box contents. But often those relate to a specific game. Iron Clays, however, are not confined to one box, one series, or even publisher.

R. M. Cornell and U. Schwertmann, The iron oxides : structure, properties, reactions, occurrences, and uses, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, New York, 2nd, completely rev. and extended edn, 2003 Search PubMed . For exclusively board game players Iron Clays are a no brainer and I would probably tell you to buy them without hesitation… Clay minerals can be classified as 1:1 or 2:1. A 1:1 clay would consist of one tetrahedral sheet and one octahedral sheet, and examples would be kaolinite and serpentinite. A 2:1 clay consists of an octahedral sheet sandwiched between two tetrahedral sheets, and examples are talc, vermiculite, and montmorillonite. The layers in 1:1 clays are uncharged and are bonded by hydrogen bonds between layers, but 2:1 layers have a net negative charge and may be bonded together either by individual cations (such as potassium in illite or sodium or calcium in smectites) or by positively charged octahedral sheets (as in chlorites). [9] Because clay minerals are usually (but not necessarily) ultrafine-grained, special analytical techniques are required for their identification and study. In addition to X-ray crystallography, these include electron diffraction methods, [10] various spectroscopic methods such as Mössbauer spectroscopy, [11] infrared spectroscopy, [10] Raman spectroscopy, [12] and SEM- EDS [13] or automated mineralogy [10] processes. These methods can be augmented by polarized light microscopy, a traditional technique establishing fundamental occurrences or petrologic relationships. [14] Occurrence [ edit ] As one of the top 20 highest rated board games on boardgamegeek.com, Brass: Lancashire is widely regarded as one of the deepest, most replayable economic games ever designedSmectite group which includes dioctahedral smectites, such as montmorillonite, nontronite and beidellite, and trioctahedral smectites, such as saponite. [21] In 2013, analytical tests by the Curiosity rover found results consistent with the presence of smectite clay minerals on the planet Mars. [22] [23] [24] H. Shirozu and S. W. Bailey, Chlorite Polytypism .III. crystal structure of an orthohexagonal iron chlorite, Am. Mineral., 1965, 50, 868–885 CAS .

T. B. Hofstetter, R. P. Schwarzenbach and S. B. Haderlein, Reactivity of Fe(II) species associated with clay minerals, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2003, 37, 519–528 CrossRef CAS PubMed . Fundamentals of Soil Behavior, 3rd Edition James K. Mitchell, Kenichi Soga. ISBN 978-0-471-46302-3, Table 3.9.

C. A. Gorski, M. Aeschbacher, D. Soltermann, A. Voegelin, B. Baeyens, M. Marques Fernandes, T. B. Hofstetter and M. Sander, Redox properties of structural Fe in clay minerals. 1. Electrochemical quantification of electron-donating and -accepting capacities of smectites, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2012, 46, 9360–9368 CrossRef CAS PubMed . Honestly, these Iron Clays really have opened my eyes. Previously resistant to investing in accessories, I am now actually looking for games with the worst cardboard counters just so that I can revel in superior counter smugness! If you are fed up with cardboard coins lowering your fun level, I highly recommend investing in Iron Clays. After all, stunning counters are for life, not just for Christmas!

S. Sengupta, P. K. Mukherjee, T. Pal and S. Shome, Nature and origin of arsenic carriers in shallow aquifer sediments of Bengal Delta, India, Environ. Geol., 2004, 45, 1071–1081 CrossRef CAS . If you’re other than a board gamer or are into board games but also dabble in the odd poker game here or there, or are an ardent participant in those circles, Iron Clays may not be for you.

Abstract

Clay is a very fine-grained geologic material that develops plasticity when wet, but becomes hard, brittle and non–plastic upon drying or firing. [2] [3] [4] It is a very common material, [5] and is the oldest known ceramic. Prehistoric humans discovered the useful properties of clay and used it for making pottery. [6] The chemistry of clay, including its capacity to retain nutrient cations such as potassium and ammonium, is important to soil fertility. [7] A. Voegelin, A. C. Scheinost, K. Buhlmann, K. Barmettler and R. Kretzschmar, Slow formation and dissolution of Zn precipitates in soil - A combined column-transport and XAFS study, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2002, 36, 3749–3754 CrossRef CAS PubMed .