Cyanines were first synthesized over a century ago. They were originally used, and still are, to increase the sensitivity range of photographic emulsions, i.e., to increase the range of wavelengths which will form an image on the film, making the film panchromatic. [4] Cyanines are also used in CD-R and DVD-R media. The ones used are mostly green or light blue colour, and are chemically unstable. For that reason, unstabilized cyanine discs are unsuitable for archival CD and DVD use. Recent cyanine discs contain stabilizers, typically a metal atom bonded to the cyanine molecule, [6] that slow the deterioration significantly. These discs are often rated with an archival life of 75 years or more. The other dyes used in CD-Rs are phthalocyanine and azo. Doktycz, M. J., Paner, T. M., Amaratunga, M. & Benight, A. S. Thermodynamic stability of the 5’ dangling-ended DNA hairpins formed from sequences 5’-(Xy)2ggatac(T)4gtatcc-3’, Where X, Y = a, T, G, C. Biopolymers 30, 829–845 (1990). Cyanine dyes are available with different modifications such as methyl, ethyl or butyl substituents, carboxyl, acetylmethoxy, and sulfo groups which alter their hydrophilicity. [8] Probe

Add more PBS (pH 7.2-7.4) to the desired sample to complete the column purification. Combine the fractions that contain the desired dye-protein conjugate. Iris Dyes | Cyanine Technologies". Archived from the original on 2015-01-26 . Retrieved 2015-01-26. a b Ernst LA, Gupta RK, Mujumdar RB, Waggoner AS (Jan 1989). "Cyanine dye labeling reagents for sulfhydryl groups". Cytometry. 10 (1): 3–10. doi: 10.1002/cyto.990100103. PMID 2917472.The excitation source will now appear on the graph display as a thin vertical line in a color associated with its location on the spectrum.

Products are labeled with For Research Use Only or a similar labeling statement and have not been approved, cleared, or licensed Holz, K. et al. High-efficiency reverse (5’–>3’) synthesis of complex DNA microarrays. Sci. Rep. 8, 15099 (2018). any Product to any third party, whether alone or in combination with other materials, or use the Products to manufacture any Zhu, H.L., Fohlerova, Z., Pekarek, J., Basova, E. & Neuzil, P. Recent advances in lab-on-a-chip technologies for viral diagnosis. Biosens. Bioelectron. 153 (2020). Cyanines, also referred to as tetramethylindo(di)-carbocyanines [1] are a synthetic dye family belonging to the polymethine group. Although the name derives etymologically from terms for shades of blue, the cyanine family covers the electromagnetic spectrum from near IR to UV.

The dilution calculator equation

Levitus, M. & Ranjit, S. Cyanine dyes in biophysical research: the photophysics of polymethine fluorescent dyes in biomolecular environments. Q Rev. Biophys. 44, 123–151 (2011). Kvach, Maksim V.; Ustinov, Alexey V.; Stepanova, Irina A.; Malakhov, Andrei D.; Skorobogatyi, Mikhail V.; Shmanai, Vadim V.; Korshun, Vladimir A. (2008). "A Convenient Synthesis of Cyanine Dyes: Reagents for the Labeling of Biomolecules". European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2008 (12): 2107–2117. doi: 10.1002/ejoc.200701190. ISSN 1099-0690.

While patent protection for the standard Cy series of dyes has lapsed, the trademarked Cy naming remains in place. Consequently, dyes that are identical to Cy dyes, but called different names, are now sold.

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CY-3 (长缨-3), which is a development of CY-2. Like CY-2, CY-3 can be launched from a variety of platforms, including aircraft, surface ships, submarines, land vehicles, and coastal shore batteries. However, despite the successful completion of the development and receiving state certification for service, only very limited number are in service with Chinese navy, mostly for long term evaluation purposes. CY-3 is facing stiff competition from another Chinese missile CJ-1, which is also under Chinese naval evaluation, and the final selection has not been decided yet. Ranasinghe, R. T. & Brown, T. Ultrasensitive fluorescence-based methods for nucleic acid detection: Towards amplification-free genetic analysis. Chem. Commun. 47, 3717–3735 (2011). Pershina, A. G.; Demin, A. M.; Perekucha, N. A.; Brikunova, O. Y.; Efimova, L. V.; Nevskaya, K. V.; Vakhrushev, A. V.; Zgoda, V. G.; Uimin, M. A.; Minin, A. S.; Malkeyeva, D.; Kiseleva, E.; Zima, A. P.; Krasnov, V. P.; Ogorodova, L. M. Peptide Ligands on the PEGylated Nanoparticle Surface and Human Serum Composition Are Key Factors for the Interaction between Immune Cells and Nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2023, 221, 112981. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112981 Sale, lease, license or other transfer of the material or any material derived or produced from it. Chemically, cyanines are a conjugated system between two nitrogen atoms; in each resonance structure, exactly one nitrogen atom is oxidized to an iminium. Typically, they form part of a nitrogenous heterocyclic system. [2]

In solution, gently shake to mix, then centrifuge briefly to collect the sample at the bottom of the reaction tube. Don'tmix well to prevent protein samples from denaturation and inactivation. Nizamov, T. R.; Iliasov, A. R.; Vodopyanov, S. S.; Kozhina, I. V.; Bordyuzhin, I. G.; Zhukov, D. G.; Ivanova, A. V.; Permyakova, E. S.; Mogilnikov, P. S.; Vishnevskiy, D. A.; Shchetinin, I. V.; Abakumov, M. A.; Savchenko, A. G. Study of Cytotoxicity and Internalization of Redox-Responsive Iron Oxide Nanoparticles on PC-3 and 4T1 Cancer Cell Lines. Pharmaceutics, 2023, 15(1), 127. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010127

The pH value of protein solution shall be 8.5±0.5. If the pH is lower than 8.0, 1 M sodium bicarbonate shall be used for adjustment. Agbavwe, C. & Somoza, M. M. Sequence-dependent fluorescence of cyanine dyes on microarrays. PLoS ONE 6, e22177 (2011). Because they yield brighter and more stable fluorescence, cyanines can advantageously replace conventional dyes such as fluorescein and rhodamines. Kretschy, N., Holik, A. K., Somoza, V., Stengele, K. P. & Somoza, M. M. Next-generation o-nitrobenzyl photolabile groups for light-directed chemistry and microarray synthesis. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 8555–8559 (2015). The word cyanin is from the English word "cyan", which conventionally means a shade of blue-green (close to "aqua") and is derived from the Greek κυάνεος/ κυανοῦς kyaneos/kyanous which means a somewhat different color: "dark blue".