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Major humanistic psychologists such as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow believed that human beings were born with the desire to grow, create and to love, and had the power to direct their own lives.
Watson (1913) launches the behavioral school of psychology, publishing an article, Psychology as the behaviorist views it. It offered a new set of values for approaching an understanding of human nature and the human condition. Therefore, internal events, such as thinking should be explained through behavioral terms (or eliminated altogether). There is little difference between the learning that takes place in humans and that in other animals: In addition, humanism (e.g., Carl Rogers) rejects the scientific method of using experiments to measure and control variables because it creates an artificial environment and has low ecological validity.
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Phenomenenological means ‘that which appears’ and in this case, it means that which naturally appears in consciousness. Without attempting to reduce it to its component parts – without further analysis. Darwin, C. (1859). On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (1st ed.) . London: John Murray. Humanistic psychology: a more recent development in the history of psychology, humanistic psychology grew out of the need for a more positive view of human beings than was offered by psychoanalysis or behaviorism. The biological approach is reductionist as it aims at explaining all behavior by the action of genetic or biochemical processes. It neglects the influence of factors such as early childhood experiences, conditioning, or cognitive processes. Idiographic vs. nomothetic
Charles Darwin proposed the theory of natural selection. He argued that genetically determined characteristics or behavior that enhance our chances of survival and reproduction would be passed on to the next generation and become more common in a population. In this way the humanistic perspective takes an optimistic view of human nature that humans are born good but during their process of growth they might turn evil. One more recent extension of this approach has been the development of social learning theory, which emphasizes the role of plans and expectations in people’s behavior. As the approach views the individual as unique, it does not believe that scientific measurements of their behavior are appropriate. Critical Evaluation Strengths Even more sophisticated is the PET scan (Positron Emission Tomography) which uses a radioactive marker as a way of studying the brain at work.
Cognitive approach - Key takeaways
Bouchard, T. J., & McGue, M. (1981). Familial studies of intelligence: A review. Science, 212(4498), 1055-1059. For example, the psychodynamic approach (Freud) criticizes behaviorism as it does not consider the unconscious mind’s influence on behavior and instead focuses on externally observable behavior. Freud also rejects the idea that people are born a blank slate (tabula rasa) and states that people are born with instincts (e.g., eros and Thanatos).
In contrast, traits that do not enhance survival will gradually disappear. Theories within the biological approach support nature over nurture. An example of behavior of evolutionary explanation is Bowlby’s theory of attachment.This is a way of recording the electrical activity of the brain (it doesn’t hurt, and it isn’t dangerous). Electrodes are attached to the scalp and brain waves can be traced. Genes and the environment influence human biological variation in visible characteristics, physiology, disease susceptibility, mental abilities, body size, and life span. Though humans vary in many traits (such as genetic predispositions and physical features), any two humans are at least 99% genetically similar. Humans are sexually dimorphic: generally, males have greater body strength and females have a higher body fat percentage. At puberty, humans develop secondary sex characteristics. Females are capable of pregnancy, usually between puberty, at around 12 years old, and men Dr Pang becomes the youngest author to win the Prize. She is also sixth woman to scoop the Prize in as many years, following last year’s winner Caroline Criado Perez ( Invisible Women, 2019), Sarah-Jayne Blakemore ( Inventing Ourselves, 2018), Cordelia Fine ( Testosterone Rex, 2017), Andrea Wulf ( The Invention of Nature, 2016) and Gaia Vince ( Adventures in the Anthropocene, 2015). The panel of five judges praised the scientist and writer for her original and unique perspective on our experience as humans through the prism of scientific understanding.
Each of the 11 chapters covers a different area of science. Did you ever worry about spreading yourself too thinly? Radical Behaviorism expands upon earlier forms of behaviorism by incorporating internal events such as thoughts, emotions, and feelings as part of the behavioral process. Pang may have written this book as a manual to understand a world that sometimes feels alien to her, but it also allows neurotypicals to see the world from an entirely new perspective,” said Osbourn, praising how Pang “provides insights into different ways of thinking and the challenges of being neurodiverse in a ‘normal’ world”. Personal agency is the humanistic term for the exercise of free will. Free will is the idea that people can make choices in how they act and are self-determining.
References
Harlow (1848): Phineas Gage brain injury case study provides neuroscience with significant information regarding the working of the brain. learned emotions – such as love for parents, were explained as paired associations with the stimulation they provide
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