If citizens feel they need someone or something to blame, they should at least be told what it is and was, a systemic failure.

The final chapter touched on how some of the HSBC fines were put to good use to various law-enforcement agencies in the US. For readers coming to this chapter, one will surely agree to the author's view on the case as quoted below ...Carping about the TARP: Congress wrangles over how best to avoid financial Armageddon". The Economist. September 23, 2008.

But not everyone is subjected to that system of penal harshness. It all changes radically when the nation's most powerful actors are caught breaking the law. With few exceptions, they are gifted not merely with leniency, but full-scale immunity from criminal punishment. Thus have the most egregious crimes of the last decade been fully shielded from prosecution when committed by those with the greatest political and economic power: the construction of a worldwide torture regime, spying on Americans' communications without the warrants required by criminal law by government agencies and the telecom industry, an aggressive war launched on false pretenses, and massive, systemic financial fraud in the banking and credit industry that triggered the 2008 financial crisis. The irony is that as I write this, several American banks (including SVB) have collapsed or are on the brink of collapse. These people just don’t learn. Banks are required to maintain a ratio of high-quality, easily sold assets, in the event of financial difficulty either at the bank or in the financial system. These are liquidity requirements. The ultimate disappointment raised by the author was that numerous individuals, including HSBC executives, lawyers, US Justice Department senior personnel etc were offered better positions in public or private firms in due course ... implying their decision on cases like the HSBC based on too big to jail brought them the kind of revolving door opportunities, as the chapter is titled as "Overlapping Circles". Again quoting from the chapter ...Mishkin, Frederic S. (2006). "How Big a Problem is Too Big to Fail? A Review of Gary Stern and Ron Feldman's Too Big to Fail: The Hazards of Bank Bailouts". Journal of Economic Literature. 44 (4): 988–1004. doi: 10.1257/jel.44.4.988. Main article: Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act The leverage ratio, measured as debt divided by equity, for investment bank Goldman Sachs from 2003–2012. The lower the ratio, the greater the ability of the firm to withstand losses.