The theoretical existence of a Frigid Zone where the nights are very short in summer and the sun does not set at the summer solstice was already known. Similarly reports of a country of perpetual snows and darkness (the country of the Hyperboreans) had been reaching the Mediterranean for some centuries. Pytheas is the first known scientific visitor and reporter of the arctic. The commercial activities of Portugal in the early 15th century marked an epoch of distinct progress in practical navigation for Europeans. [19] These exploration and trade expeditions sent out by Infante Henrique (later called "Henry the Navigator") led first to the discovery of Porto Santo Island (near Madeira) in 1418, rediscovery of the Azores in 1427, the discovery of the Cape Verde Islands in 1447 and Sierra Leone in 1462. [19] Sailors navigating in the Mediterranean made use of several techniques to determine their location, including staying in sight of land and understanding of the winds and their tendencies. Minoans of Crete are an example of an early Western civilization that used celestial navigation. Their palaces and mountaintop sanctuaries exhibit architectural features that align with the rising sun on the equinoxes, as well as the rising and setting of particular stars. [3] The Minoans made sea voyages to the island of Thera and to Egypt. [4] Both of these trips would have taken more than a day's sail for the Minoans and would have left them traveling by night across open water. [4] Here the sailors would use the locations of particular stars, especially those of the constellation Ursa Major, to orient the ship in the correct direction. [4] Kenneth Maxwell, Naked tropics: essays on empire and other rogues, p. 16, Routledge, 2003, ISBN 0-415-94577-1

In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Crown of Castile and then the "unified" Crown of Spain was also in the vanguard of European global exploration and colonial expansion. The Spanish Crown opened trade routes across the oceans, specially the transatlantic expeditions of Christopher Columbus on behalf of Castile, from 1492. The Crown of Castile, under Charles I of Spain, also sponsored the first expedition of world circumnavigation in 1521. The enterprise was led by Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan and completed by the Spanish Basque Juan Sebastián Elcano. The trips of exploration led to trade flourishing across the Atlantic Ocean between Spain and America and across the Pacific Ocean between Asia-Pacific and Mexico via the Philippines. Later, Andrés de Urdaneta discovered the northern Pacific's volta do mar return voyage.

Barrage Tour

a b c d e f g h i j k l Bedwell, Don (2007). "Where Am I?". American Heritage Magazine. 22 (4). Archived from the original on 2007-04-28 . Retrieved 2007-04-20. Kumar, Ann (2012). 'Dominion Over Palm and Pine: Early Indonesia’s Maritime Reach', in Geoff Wade (ed.), Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies), 101–122. Carlos Calinas Correia, A Arte de Navegar na Época dos Descobrimentos, Colibri, Lisboa 2017; ISBN 978-989-689-656-0 Dewar, Robert E.; Wright, Henry T. (1993). "The culture history of Madagascar". Journal of World Prehistory. 7 (4): 417–466. doi: 10.1007/bf00997802. hdl: 2027.42/45256. S2CID 21753825. a b Howeth, Captain Linwood S. (1963). "XXII". History of Communications-Electronics in the United States Navy. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Ships and Office of Naval History. pp.261–265.

Users have reported that updates have made the maps load slowly, the interface is difficult to use, and maps can be hard to read. For Scotland, 2011 data is shown (update coming soon, the Scottish census was delayed by a year unlike the rest of the UK). The compass, a cross-staff or astrolabe, a method to correct for the altitude of Polaris and rudimentary nautical charts were all the tools available to a navigator at the time of Christopher Columbus. [19] In his notes on Ptolemy's geography, Johannes Werner of Nuremberg wrote in 1514 that the cross-staff was a very ancient instrument, but was only beginning to be used on ships. [36]In 1537, Pedro Nunes published his Tratado da Sphera. In this book he included two original treatises about questions of navigation. For the first time the subject was approached using mathematical tools. This publication gave rise to a new scientific discipline: "theoretical or scientific navigation".

http://ksuweb.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/oceanography/LecuturesOceanogr/LecCurrents/LecCurrents.html (retrieved 13/06/2020)Continuous accumulation of navigational data, along with increased exploration and trade, led to increased production of volumes through the Middle Ages. [14] "Routiers" were produced in France about 1500; the English referred to them as "rutters." [14] In 1584 Lucas Waghenaer published the Spieghel der Zeevaerdt ( The Mariner's Mirror), which became the model for such publications for several generations of navigators. [14] They were known as "Waggoners" by most sailors. [14] Modern Three Bedroom Semi Detached House excellently situated in Newcastle under Lyme. Having only been built in 2014, the property is still in excellent condition, boasts plentiful facilities and an excellent energy efficiency. the errors I poynt at in the chart, have beene heretofore poynted out by others, especially by Petrus Nonius, out of whom most part of the first Chapter of the Treatise following is almost worde for worde translated;" - in: Edward Wright Users have reported the search function needs improvement; it can load slowly, and sometimes gives odd routes. Satellites of the similar Russian GLONASS system began to be put into orbit in 1982, and the system is expected to have a complete 24-satellite constellation in place by 2010. [75] The European Space Agency expects to have its Galileo with 30 satellites in place by 2011–12 as well. [75] [ needs update] Integrated bridge systems [ edit ]

Cutler, Thomas J. (December 2003). Dutton's Nautical Navigation (15thed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-248-3. From the city centre proceed north on Walton Street onto Kingston Road. At the end, turn left into Aristotle Lane, which leads round to Navigation Way. National Imagery and Mapping Agency (2001). Publication 1310: Radar Navigation and Maneuvering Board Manual (7thed.). Bethesda, MD: U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-07. Martin, William Robert (1911). "Navigation". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.19 (11thed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.284–289.Isaac Newton invented a reflecting quadrant around 1699. [67] He wrote a detailed description of the instrument for Edmond Halley, which was published in 1742. Due to this time lapse, credit for the invention has often been given instead to John Hadley and Thomas Godfrey. The octant eventually replaced earlier cross-staffs and Davis quadrants, [65] and had the immediate effect of making latitude calculations much more accurate. Full offline functionality, including a search function, navigation and the ability to find things like restaurants or ATMs.