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The longus colli, also called the longus cervicis, is a long muscle that spans the entire length of the cervical spine and the upper vertebrae of the thoracic spine. It is divided into three parts: Obliquus capitis superior, that arises from the transverse process of atlas and inserts on the occipital bone, between the superior and inferior nuchal lines.

The digastric muscle is a small muscle situated below the mandible, that extends from the mastoid process of temporal bone to the chin. The muscle is composed of a posterior and an anterior belly, connected by an intermediate tendon, which represents their common insertion point. Obliquus capitis inferior, that arises from the spinous process of axis and inserts on the transverse process of atlas.The vertebrae are formed from the sclerotomal portion of the somites (soma is Greek for "body"). The 42 pairs of somites are composed of the paraxial mesoderm of the embryo. [4]Sclerotomes, myotomes, symetotomes, and dermatomes are all subdivisions of somites. Somites give rise to the muscles, the vertebral column, and dermatomes (the sensory supply from a given spinal cord nerve). Lee S, et al. (2017). Effects of the cervical flexion angle during smartphone use on muscle fatigue and pain in the cervical erector spinae and upper trapezius in normal adults in their 20s.

Suboccipital muscles: Four muscles just below the occipital bone at the base of your skull. They help extend your head in different directions.The nucleus pulposus can herniate through the annulus fibrosus and compress the adjacent nerve root. There are eight cervical nerves and seven cervical vertebrae. Nerve C1 passes above the C1 vertebra. Inferior to C1, the nucleus compresses the nerve one segment lower than the vertebra. Thus, the disc at C8-T1 will compress the T1 nerve root.

Rectus capitis posterior major, that arises from the spinous process of axis and inserts onto the lateral part of the inferior nuchal line. The transverse part is composed of the middle fibers of trapezius, that originate from the nuchal ligament of the spinous processes of vertebrae C1-C6, and spinous processes and supraspinous ligaments of vertebrae C7-T3. These fibers pass horizontally to insert onto the medial acromial margin and the superior crest of the scapular spine.

Lateral neck (vertebral) muscles

Semispinalis capitis, that arises from the articular processes of vertebrae C4-C7 and transverse processes of vertebrae T1-T6. It then courses upwards to insert between the superior and inferior nuchal lines of the occipital bone. Rectus capitis anterior and rectus capitis lateralis: Two muscles that control head movements from the base of your skull. The function of the sternocleidomastoid muscle depends on whether the muscle acts alone or together with its contralateral counterpart.