Oppel, K. "The Characters: Shade". Kenneth Oppel. Archived from the original on 26 September 2017 . Retrieved 25 September 2017. "Shade is based on a Silver-Haired Bat. I thought they were very dashing-looking creatures. I liked the fact this was a bat that lived in the same part of the world as me (eastern Canada). These are small creatures, with a wing span of a few inches. Their bodies are about the same size as mice. They're insectivores, which means they eat only insects." – K.O. Teeling; Teeling, E. C.; Scally, M.; Kao, D. J.; Romagnoli, M. L.; Springer, M. S. (2000). "Molecular evidence regarding the origin of echolocation and flight in bats". Nature. 403 (6766): 188–192. Bibcode: 2000Natur.403..188T. doi: 10.1038/35003188. PMID 10646602. S2CID 205004782. Kerth, G.; Perony, N.; Schweitzer, F. (2011). "Bats are able to maintain long-term social relationships despite the high fission–fusion dynamics of their groups". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1719): 2761–2767. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2718. PMC 3145188. PMID 21307051.

Nectar- and pollen-eating bats can hover, in a similar way to hummingbirds. The sharp leading edges of the wings can create vortices, which provide lift. The vortex may be stabilized by the animal changing its wing curvatures. [62] Roosting and gaits [ edit ] Group of megabats roosting The outcome of a fight between lion and tiger would depend heavily on the individuals–their age, breed, mood, fighting style, and physiology. However, historical evidence suggests that tigers are a bit more likely to win the duel. Canada: Environment Canada Announces Funding to Fight Threat of White-nose Syndrome to Bats". Mena Report. 6 April 2013. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019 . Retrieved 3 June 2014. a b Cui, J.; Pan, Y. H.; Zhang, Y.; Jones, G.; Zhang, S. (2011). "Progressive pseudogenization: vitamin C synthesis and its loss in bats". Mol. Biol. Evol. 28 (2): 1025–31. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msq286. PMID 21037206.Van de Bussche, R. A.; Hoofer, S. R. (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships among recent chiropteran families and the importance of choosing appropriate out-group taxa". Journal of Mammalogy. 85 (2): 321–330. doi: 10.1644/1545-1542(2004)085<0321:Prarcf>2.0.Co;2. a b Hristov, N. I.; Conner, W. E. (2005). "Sound strategy: acoustic aposematism in the bat–tiger moth arms race". Naturwissenschaften. 92 (4): 164–169. Bibcode: 2005NW.....92..164H. doi: 10.1007/s00114-005-0611-7. PMID 15772807. S2CID 18306198.

Megabat species often have eyesight as good as, if not better than, human vision. Their eyesight is adapted to both night and daylight vision, including some colour vision. [101] Magnetoreception [ edit ] a b Schwab, I. R.; Pettigrew, J. (2005). "A choroidal sleight of hand". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 89 (11): 1398. doi: 10.1136/bjo.2005.077966. PMC 1772916. PMID 16267906. a b Chamberlain, T. (6 December 2006). "Photo in the News: Bat Has Longest Tongue of Any Mammal". National Geographic News. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 6 June 2007 . Retrieved 18 June 2007. A. fistulata (shown lapping sugar water from a tube) has the longest tongue, relative to body length, of any mammal–and now scientists think they know why. Wilkinson, G. S. (1985). "The Social Organization of the Common Vampire Bat II: Mating system, genetic structure, and relatedness" (PDF). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 17 (2): 123–134. doi: 10.1007/BF00299244. S2CID 12460893. Microbats and a few megabats emit ultrasonic sounds to produce echoes. Sound intensity of these echos are dependent on subglottic pressure. The bats' cricothyroid muscle controls the orientation pulse frequency, which is an important function. This muscle is located inside the larynx and it is the only tensor muscle capable of aiding phonation. [81] By comparing the outgoing pulse with the returning echoes, bats can gather information on their surroundings. This allows them to detect prey in darkness. [82] Some bat calls can reach 140 decibels. [83] Microbats use their larynx to emit echolocation signals through the mouth or the nose. [84] Microbat calls range in frequency from 14,000 to well over 100,000Hz, extending well beyond the range of human hearing (between 20 and 20,000Hz). [85] Various groups of bats have evolved fleshy extensions around and above the nostrils, known as nose-leaves, which play a role in sound transmission. [86] Principle of bat echolocation: orange is the call and green is the echo.Liddell, Henry G.; Scott, Robert (eds.). "πτερόν". A Greek-English Lexicon . Retrieved 9 September 2017. Lei, M.; Dong, D. (2016). "Phylogenomic analyses of bat subordinal relationships based on transcriptome data". Scientific Reports. 6: 27726. Bibcode: 2016NatSR...627726L. doi: 10.1038/srep27726. PMC 4904216. PMID 27291671. a b Ben-Hamo, Miriam; Muñoz-Garcia, Agustí; Larrain, Paloma; Pinshow, Berry; Korine, Carmi; Williams, Joseph B. (29 June 2016). "The cutaneous lipid composition of bat wing and tail membranes: a case of convergent evolution with birds". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 283 (1833): 20160636. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0636. PMC 4936036. PMID 27335420. Rollins, K.E.; Meyerholz, D.; Johnson, D.; Capparella, A.; Loew, S. (January 2012). "A Forensic Investigation Into the Etiology of Bat Mortality at a Wind Farm: Barotrauma or Traumatic Injury?". Veterinary Pathology. 49 (2): 362–371. doi: 10.1177/0300985812436745. PMID 22291071. S2CID 11189743. The 2003 discovery of an early fossil bat from the 52-million-year-old Green River Formation, Onychonycteris finneyi, indicates that flight evolved before echolocative abilities. [20] [21] Onychonycteris had claws on all five of its fingers, whereas modern bats have at most two claws on two digits of each hand. It also had longer hind legs and shorter forearms, similar to climbing mammals that hang under branches, such as sloths and gibbons. This palm-sized bat had short, broad wings, suggesting that it could not fly as fast or as far as later bat species. Instead of flapping its wings continuously while flying, Onychonycteris probably alternated between flaps and glides in the air. [7] This suggests that this bat did not fly as much as modern bats, but flew from tree to tree and spent most of its time climbing or hanging on branches. [22] The distinctive features of the Onychonycteris fossil also support the hypothesis that mammalian flight most likely evolved in arboreal locomotors, rather than terrestrial runners. This model of flight development, commonly known as the "trees-down" theory, holds that bats first flew by taking advantage of height and gravity to drop down on to prey, rather than running fast enough for a ground-level take off. [23] [24]

Turbill, C.; Bieber, C.; Ruf, T. (2011). "Hibernation is associated with increased survival and the evolution of slow life histories among mammals". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 278 (1723): 3355–3363. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0190. PMC 3177628. PMID 21450735. Esbérard, C. E. L.; Vrcibradic, D. (2007). "Snakes preying on bats: new records from Brazil and a review of recorded cases in the Neotropical Region". Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 24 (3): 848–853. doi: 10.1590/S0101-81752007000300036.

a b c Muller, R. (2004). "A numerical study of the role of the tragus in the big brown bat". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 116 (6): 3701–3712. Bibcode: 2004ASAJ..116.3701M. doi: 10.1121/1.1815133. PMID 15658720. Leong, T. M.; Teo, S. C.; Lim, K. K. P. (2009). "The Naked Bulldog Bat, Cheiromeles torquatus in Singapore – past and present records, with highlights on its unique morphology (Microchiroptera: Molossidae)". Nature in Singapore. 2: 215–230. Takanashi, Takuma; Nakano, Ryo; Surlykke, A.; Tatsuta, H.; Tabata, J.; Ishikawa, Y.; Skals, N. (2010). "Variation in Courtship Ultrasounds of Three Ostrinia Moths with Different Sex Pheromones". PLOS ONE. 5 (10): e13144. Bibcode: 2010PLoSO...513144T. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013144. PMC 2949388. PMID 20957230.