Eilander, D. et al. A hydrography upscaling method for scale-invariant parametrization of distributed hydrological models. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 25(9), 5287–5313 (2021). Our WRMP24 Market Information data can also be viewed using Watersource, an online platform that we have jointly developed with Wheatley Solutions and Anglian Water. This is a new concept to provide access to key elements of the Market Information through a central ‘open’ cloud portal. Users can identify spatially those areas (Water Resource Zones) which have a supply surplus and those areas which have a supply deficit. The Watersource platform can be accessed at wheatleywatersource.co.uk Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China, Code for china river name (SL 249-2012).

Understanding the impact of climate change on water resource across different regions is highly dependent on hydrological model and data 1. More accurate global river networks and catchment/sub-catchment boundaries are critical to more accurate water cycle simulation, water resource and risk assessments 2. With the undeniable impacts of climate change and human activities, the processes and fluxes of terrestrial water cycle have undergone tremendous changes, which has had significant impacts on extreme hydrological events such as droughts and floods 3, 4, and induced a series of eco-environmental effects 5, endangering the sustainable development of social economy and ecological environment 6. It can be seen that the construction of a complete set of global river networks and corresponding water resources zones (WRZ) has been highly valued by the international communities, government departments and academia. Meanwhile, it has become a hot issue in current research on hydrology, water resources and climate change.

Strategic solutions

Yamazaki, D. et al. A high‐accuracy map of global terrain elevations. Geophysical Research Letters. 44(11), 5844–5853 (2017). Encouraging third parties to submit bids for solutions covering water resources, demand management and leakage services that create value for customers is very important to us. These solutions will help us meet our future water needs, as identified in our Water Resources Management Plan, and benefit our current and future customers. Our Bid Assessment Framework (BAF) will provide clarity to third parties on the process that we will apply and how bids will be assessed in line with our key principles of transparency, equal treatment, non-discrimination and proportionality.

This enables third parties, who can either be other incumbents or independent third parties, to identify opportunities to provide new water resources; and identify and provide demand management and leakage services. Each spreadsheet contains key market information as well as the WRZ’s water resources position as detailed in our final WRMP19. Lehner, B., Verdin, K. & Jarvis, A., HydroSHEDS technical documentation, version 1.0. World Wildlife Fund US, 1–27 (2006). Lehner, B. & Grill, G. Global river hydrography and network routing: baseline data and new approaches to study the world’s large river systems. Hydrological Processes 27, 2171–2186 (2013). We generated the river network and WRZ relying on the SRTM-DEM data and the ASTER GDEM V2 data with spatial resolutions of 90 m and 30 m, respectively. The SRTM-DEM data was measured by the US Space Agency (NASA), the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) and the German and Italian space agencies. The ASTER GDEM V2 data (publicly available on ‘ https://search.earthdata.nasa.gov/’) was developed by the Japanese METI and the US NASA. We have updated the WRMP19 Market Information final plan supply and demand tables so that 2020/21 and 2021/22 WRMP19 data has been replaced with outturn data for the same years.In response to the above problems, we developed a data set entitled ‘A data set of global river networks and corresponding water resources zones’ (GRNWRZ V1.0) 22 with a spatial resolution of 90 m based on the SRTM and the ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM) 23 in 2019. The RN in this dataset has been extensively verified manually in combination with natural rivers in Google Earth, and it is relatively accurate compared to other data sets, especially in plain and inland areas 24. Each basin is divided into 99 sub-basins maximumly through the coding method determined according to the stem-branch topology, which solves the problem of the upper limit of the number of sub-basins. At the same time, the code numbers of reaches and corresponding sub-basins are unified to ensure that both have the same code number. However, GRNWRZ V1.0 still has some limitations for application in the more widely used sub-basin based distributed hydrological models (e.g., SWAT 25, 26, WEP-L 27). Firstly, hydrological simulation and water resources evaluation of super-large WRZ (>10000 km 2) and ultra-small WRZ (<100 km 2) are hindered. For super-large WRZ, many small sub-basins in the main stream reaches do not match their level in GRNWRZ V1.0, affecting the efficiency of the hydrological simulation. For ultra-small WRZ, the flow concentration relationship between sub-basins is unclear, affecting the accuracy of water resources evaluation results. Secondly, the flow concentration relationship represented by the code numbers among sub-basins in the coastal region is not emphasized. Lastly, GRNWRZ V1.0 does not consider that those exorheic rivers eventually flow to different oceans when they define rivers, affecting global terrestrial water resources estimation. Jenson, S. K. & Domingue, J. O. Extracting Topographic Structure from Digital Elevation Data for Geographic Information System Analysis. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 54(11), 1593–1600 (1988).

The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ applies to the metadata files associated with this article.ISO 19115-2:2019, Geographic information — Metadata — Part 2: Extensions for acquisition and processing, https://www.iso.org/standard/67039.html. Pokhrel, Y. et al. Global terrestrial water storage and drought severity under climate change. Nature Climate Change. 11(3), 226–233 (2021).

Huang, P. C. & Lee, K. T. Influence of topographic features and stream network structure on the spatial distribution of hydrological response. Journal of Hydrology. 603, 126856 (2021). Ostrom, E. A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems. Science 325, 419–422 (2009). At present, scholars and institutions around the world have developed numerous hydrological spatial databases at national, continental and global scales. For example, Seaber et al. constructed the hydrological unit maps of the United States in 1987, which was adopted and affirmed by the Federal Government of the United States and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) 7. In 1996, the Global River Network and Watershed Boundary Data Set (HRDRO 1 K), derived from the USGS’ 30 arc-second digital elevation model of the world (GTOPO30, about 1 km), has been produced by the EROS Data Center of the United States Geological Survey and the United Nations Environmental Program/Global Resources Information Database (UNEP/GRID) 8. From 2006 to 2008, the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the USGS, the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), the Nature Conservancy (TNC) and Kassel University in Germany have produced a global hydrological data and maps-based (HydroSHEDS) at multiple scales, from the 90-meter resolution data (SRTM) 9. The “stream burning” method was employed to modify the surface elevation where only the large rivers and lakes located 10. Based on the HydroSHEDS data and hydraulic geometry equations, Andreadis in 2013 developed a simple near-global database of bankfull widths and depths of rivers 11. And Bernhard Lehner integrated and enhanced the HydroSHEDS with a new river network routing model (HydroROUT) 12. In 2017, the USGS has developed a new global high-resolution hydrologic derivative database, entitled Hydrologic Derivatives for Modeling and Analysis (HDMA) 13, based on HydroSHEDS, GMTED2010 (Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010) and SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) data. We would choose the WRX's Premium model with the standard six-speed manual transmission. It offers a good combination of equipment without getting too expensive like the loaded automatic-only GT model. Engine, Transmission, and Performance

Replacement of all existing customer water meters with smart meters and an enhanced optant meter strategy to encourage unmeasured customers to move to a smart meter; and Wang, K. et al. A new topological and hierarchical river coding method based on the hydrology structure. Journal of Hydrology. 580, 124243 (2020).