a b Coombs, W. (1979). "Osteology and myology of the hindlimb in the Ankylosauria (Reptillia, Ornithischia)". Journal of Paleontology. 53 (3): 666–84. JSTOR 1304004. Most of the known Ankylosaurus specimens were not scientifically described at length, though several paleontologists planned to do so until Carpenter redescribed the genus in 2004. [10] In 2017 the Canadian paleontologists Victoria M. Arbour and Jordan Mallon redescribed the genus in light of newer ankylosaur discoveries, including elements of the holotype that had not been previously mentioned in the literature (such as parts of the skull and the cervical half-rings). They concluded that though Ankylosaurus is the best-known member of its group, it was bizarre in comparison to related ankylosaurs, and therefore not representative of the group. In spite of its familiarity, it is known from far fewer remains than its closest relatives. [12] Description [ edit ] Size of the smallest (AMNH 5214) and largest (CMN 8880) known specimens, compared to a human Arbour, V. M.; Currie, P. J. (2015). "Ankylosaurid dinosaur tail clubs evolved through stepwise acquisition of key features". Journal of Anatomy. 227 (4): 514–23. doi: 10.1111/joa.12363. PMC 4580109. PMID 26332595. In instances where a Parasaurolophus finds itself in solitude, it exhibits territorial conduct through actively attempting to ward off individuals of smaller stature, such as campers. Alternatively, this behavior might stem from the herbivore being startled by the sudden appearance of children, prompting an instinctual desire to intimidate and drive them away. InGen eventually used Ankylosaurus for Masrani Global Corporation's new dinosaur zoo Jurassic World on Isla Nublar. The Ankylosaurs could be viewed in the Gyrosphere attraction, as shown in Jurassic World: Camp Cretaceous.

It has been revealed that there are surviving Parasaurolophus populations on Isla Nublar, but they and many other dinosaurs faced an impending danger in the form of an erupting volcano. The surrounding foothills of Mount Sibo were the favoured territory of Parasaurolophus, which was at the top of the critical exposure list. An alternate opening to The Lost World: Jurassic Park was for a Japanese fishing boat to pull up a Parasaurolophus carcass in its net, to which the net breaks from the weight of the carcass and disappears into the waters below. [22] Paul Mejias supervised the construction of this sculpture [23] and even though this alternate opening scene never made the final cut, the eighteen-foot carcass was still used in the film in the scenes taking place in the Tyrannosaurus nest and the boneyard. [24] It was later repainted for Jurassic Park III [25] to represent the carcass that the T. rex was eating. [26]

Creisler, B. (July 7, 2003). "Dinosauria Translation and Pronunciation Guide A". Archived from the original on August 18, 2010 . Retrieved September 3, 2010.

Bigelow, P. "Cretaceous 'Hell Creek Faunal Facies'; Late Maastrichtian". Archived from the original on December 26, 2009 . Retrieved March 24, 2014. Haas, G. (1969). "On the jaw musculature of ankylosaurs". American Museum Novitates (2399): 1–11. hdl: 2246/2609. Being created illegally and against the knowledge of InGen or Masrani higher-ups, it is unknown if the Ankylosaurus and the other new dinosaurs were affected by or were even bred to include the lysine deficiency that affected the original dinosaurs. It is unknown how many Ankylosaurs lived on the island, but they were known to have resided in the jungles of the northeast. [2] Jurassic Park III [ ] Rescue of Eric Kirby [ ] In 1906, an American Museum of Natural History expedition led by American paleontologist Barnum Brown discovered the type specimen of Ankylosaurus magniventris (AMNH 5895) in the Hell Creek Formation, near Gilbert Creek, Montana. The specimen (found by collector Peter Kaisen) consisted of the upper part of a skull, two teeth, part of the shoulder girdle, cervical, dorsal, and caudal vertebrae, ribs, and more than thirty osteoderms (armor plates). Brown scientifically described the animal in 1908; the generic name is derived from the Greek words αγκυλος ankulos ('bent' or 'crooked'), referring to the medical term ankylosis, the stiffness produced by the fusion of bones in the skull and body, and σαυρος sauros ('lizard'). The name can be translated as "fused lizard", "stiff lizard", or "curved lizard". The type species name, magniventris, is derived from the Latin: magnus ('great') and Latin: venter ('belly'), referring to the great width of the animal's body. [2] [3] [4] 1908 skeletal reconstruction of the holotype, with missing parts restored after Stegosaurus The retracted position of the nostrils of Ankylosaurus were compared to those of fossorial (digging) worm lizards and blind snakes by Arbour and Mallon in 2017, and though it was probably not a burrowing animal, the snout of Ankylosaurus may indicate earth-moving behavior. These factors, as well as the low rate of tooth formation in ankylosaurs compared to other ornithischians, indicate that Ankylosaurus may have been omnivorous (eating both plant and animal matter). It may also (or alternatively) have dug in the ground for roots and tubers. [12] A 2023 study by paleontologist Antonio Ballell and colleagues found that North American ankylosaurids from the latest Cretaceous (including Ankylosaurus) had jaws with low mechanical advantage, whereas those of earlier relatives were high to moderate. These late ankylosaurids also had tooth occlusion and complex biphasal jaw mechanisms, features shared with some Late Cretaceous nodosaurids, but those instead have jaws with high mechanical advantage. This indicates that while the two groups converged in some features, the nodosaurs had higher relative bite force, which suggests diverging jaw mechanics and dietary partitioning between the two. [26] Airspaces and senses [ edit ] Diagram showing nasal chambers inside the snout (holotype)a b Glut, D. F. (1997). "Ankylosaurus". Dinosaurs, the encyclopedia. McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers. pp. 141–143. ISBN 978-0-375-82419-7. Thulborn, T. (1993). "Mimicry in ankylosaurid dinosaurs". Records of the South Australian Museum. 27: 151–58. Fossils of Ankylosaurus are rare in the sediments it is known from, and the distribution of its remains suggests that it was ecologically rare, or restricted to the uplands of the formations, where it would have been less likely to fossilize, rather than the coastal lowlands. Another ankylosaur, a nodosaur referred to as Edmontonia sp., is also found in the same formations, but according to Carpenter, the range of the two genera does not seem to have overlapped. Their remains have so far not been found in the same localities, and the nodosaur appears to have inhabited the lowlands. The narrower muzzle of the nodosaur suggests it had a more selective diet than Ankylosaurus, further indicating ecological separation, whether their range overlapped or not. [12] [10]