Mäthger, L.M., Barbosa, A., Miner, S. & Hanlon, R.T., 2006. Color blindness and contrast perception in cuttlefish ( Sepia officinalis) determined by a visual sensorimotor assay. Vision Research, 46,1746-1753. Chaddha, R. 2007. Antomy of a cuttlefish. NOVA (online). Accessed: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/anatomy-cuttlefish.html (17/10/18). Cephalopods have a poikilothermic metabolism that rises or falls directly with temperature (Forsythe, 1993; cited inBloor et al., 2013). For example, an increase of 6°C results in a doubling of individual feeding rate (Pascual, 1978). Cuttlefish in the English Channel have lower mitochondrial capabilities compared to subtropical Adriatic species but have larger hearts, which improve their energetic efficiencies. This allows them to extend their thermal tolerance(Oellermann et al., 2012). It has been estimated that the temperature limits of Sepia officinalis are 10 and 30°C (Guerra, 2006). Denton, E.J. & Gilpin-Brown, J.B., 1961. The effect of light on the buoyancy of the cuttlefish. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 41, 343-350. In the Mersin province, Turkey, 10g of Sepia officinalis were caught as by-catch using one trawl from September 2004 to April 2005. The target fish were; mullet, goatfish and shrimp (Atar & Malal, 2010). In Algarve (southern Portugal), Sepia officinalis are occasionally caught in tuna traps (Neves dos Santos et al., 2002). Many eggs are laid on cuttletraps during spawning periods. When removed from water fishermen are not interested in collecting the eggs. Instead, they are usually left on the pontoon until further use resulting in either mortality or significant damage (Blanc & Daguzan, 1998).

Sensitivity assessment.Adults are able to move out of the way of a lot of danger but are at risk of being caught and/or damaged by fishing equipment. However, juveniles and eggs are more vulnerable due to their reduced ability to move out of the way. Therefore, resistance is assessed as ‘ Low’ but with 'low' confidence. Resilience is probably ‘ Medium’ and sensitivity is assessed as ‘ Medium’. Roper, C.F.E., Sweeney, M.J. & Nauen, C.E., 1984. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 3. Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries. FAO Fisheries Synopsis, 125, 3, 277. Avaliable: http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/ac479e/ac479e00.htmIndividuals observed after mating and after entanglement in nets typically have soft tissue damage that suggests susceptibility to abrasive damage (Guerra et al., 2016b). In a southern otter trawl, 77% of the landed Sepia officinalis were discarded suggesting high levels of damage occurring from these trawls (Guerra et al., 2016b). CEFAS has recorded discards of cuttlefish in the English Channel from 6% to 23% of total catch since 2002 (ICES, 2012). Enever et al. (2007) showed that Sepia officinalis was the second most discarded species under the top ten most discarded English Channel species by beam trawlers. Benchmark.MSFD indicator levels (SEL or peak SPL) exceeded for 20% of days in a calendar year. Further detail

Honestly, due to what's been going on with the world, It's been put on hold for many months until now. Eggs, hatchlings and juveniles are more vulnerable to the permanent loss of a habitat due to their preference for a particular environment (Camou, 2001). If a structure was to suddenly be placed or an area of land claimed then this would result in the immediate mortality of any small individuals/eggs in that area. Without shallow, sandy, areas recruitment potential may be reduced due to limitation for space and resources (see habitat removal). Conchological Society of Great Britain & Ireland, 2018. Mollusc (marine) data for Great Britain and Ireland - restricted access. Occurrence dataset: https://doi.org/10.15468/4bsawx accessed via GBIF.org on 2018-09-25. Pérez-Losada, M., Guerra, A. & Sanjuan, A., 1999. Allozyme differentiation in the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) from the NE Atlantic and Mediterranean. Heredity, 83, 280-289. Gauvrit, E., Goff, R.L. & Daguzan, J., 1997. Reproductive cycle of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (l.) in the northern part of the bay of biscay. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 63, 19-28.

Scale:E.T. theExtra-Terrestrial height is 1200 mm. The scale of this modelmade in proportion to it. 1/8for FFF/FDM 1.0 version and 1/16for DLP/SLA 1.0 and SLS 1.0 versions. Koueta, N., Castro, B.G. & Boucaud-Camou, E., 2000. Biochemical indices for instantaneous growth estimation in young cephalopod Sepia officinalis L. ICESJournal of Marine Science, 57, 1-7. As for the other items. I was able to locate the same exact vintage large plastic crate as in the film. The crochet white blanket was easier than I thought to find as well. Despite their resistance, inflammation and secondary bacterial infections occur generally in cuttlefish thathave sustained trauma or mantle lesions. Septicaemia ( Vibrio spp.) caused by mantle erosion from trauma and/or collision resulted in the death of 4/7 cultured cuttlefish under standard culturing conditions (Sherrill et al., 2000).

Mating.Mating occurs in deeper water. Mate choice occurs in female Sepia officinalis and appears to be a preference, not for dominance, but for the absence of zebra banding. This might be because zebra branding infers aggression in the male (Boal, 1997). Males carry up to 1400 spermatophores and females 150-4000 eggs depending on their size. Spermatophores are placed in the female’s buccal membrane located above the mouth (Guerra, 2006). A single pair can mate several times and males have been observed to guard their mate post-insemination (Hanlon et al., 1999). Females are polyandrous and can accept and store sperm from multiple males, and can control which sperm to fertilize her eggs (Naud et al., 2005). This is referred to as the ‘cryptic female choice hypothesis’ (Eberhard, 1996). More food was consumed by sexually mature females than non-sexually mature females and mature males suggesting a higher demand (Castro & Guerra, 1999). The endotracheal tube has a length and diameter. The endotracheal tube size ("give me a 6.0 tube") refers to its internal diameter in millimeters (mm). The ETT will typically list both the inner and outer diameter of the tube (for example, a 6.0 endotracheal tube will list both the internal diameter, ID 6.0, and outer diameter, OD 8.8). The narrower the tube, the greater the resistance to gas flow. Medical providers, thus, should select the largest tube that is appropriate for the patient; this is critically important to the spontaneously breathing patient who will have to work harder to overcome the increased resistance (a size 4 ETT has 16 more times resistance to gas flow than a size 8 ETT). The ETT is measured from the distal end of the tube and is typically marked in 2 cm increments. After successfully intubating the patient, the depth of the endotracheal tube ending at the teeth or lips should be noted. This depth provides a baseline measurement to ensure the tube has not traveled out of the trachea or deeper into the trachea with patient movement or transport. PVC is not radiopaque, and thus, a radiopaque linear material is included throughout the length of the tube to make it easier to visualize the placement on X-ray. Ideally, the distal tip of the ETT is 4 cm (+/- 2 cm) above the carina on chest X-rays in adults. [4]Should you desire to perform bronchoscopy on an adult patient with a standard bronchoscope (diameter 5.7 mm with a 2 mm suction channel), the patient typically needs to be intubated with at least 7.5-8.0 size ETT; ETTs larger than 8.0 are available and used for bronchoscopy. [5]The typical depth of the endotracheal tube is 23 cm for men and 21 cm for women, measured at the central incisors. The average size of the tube for an adult male is 8.0, and an adult female is 7.0, though this is somewhat an institution dependent practice. Pediatric tubes are sized using the equation: size = ((age/4) +4) for uncuffed ETTs, with cuffed tubes being one-half size smaller. [6] Typically, a pediatric ETT is taped at a depth of 3 times the tube size in a child (i.e., a 4.0 ETT commonly gets taped at around 12 cm depth). The endotracheal tube (ETT) was first reliably used in the early 1900s. [1] In its simplest form, it is a tube constructed of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) that is placed between the vocal cords through the trachea to provide oxygen and inhaled gases to the lungs. It also serves to protect the lungs from contamination, such as gastric contents and blood. The advancement of the endotracheal tube has closely followed advancements in anesthesia and surgery. [2]Modifications have been made to minimize aspiration, isolate a lung, administer medications, and prevent airway fires. Despite advances in the endotracheal tube, more research to optimize its use is necessary. For example, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a major concern, and the ETT itself is felt to be a primary agent for the development of VAP. [2] Johansen, K., Brix, O., Kornerup, S. & Lykkeboe, G., 1982. Factors affecting oxygen uptake in the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 62, 187-191.

The ETT has an angle or slant known as a bevel to facilitate placement through the vocal cords and to provide improved visualization ahead of the tip. As the endotracheal tube approaches the cords, the left-facing bevel provides an optimal view. Paulij, W.P., Bogaards, R.H. & Denuce, J.M., 1990. Influence of salinity on embryonic development and the distribution of Sepia officinalis in the Delta Area (South Western part of The Netherlands). Marine Biology, 107, 17-23.