The giant panda is a terrestrial animal and primarily spends its life roaming and feeding in the bamboo forests of the Qinling Mountains and in the hilly province of Sichuan. [78] Giant pandas are generally solitary. [61] Each adult has a defined territory and a female is not tolerant of other females in her range. Social encounters occur primarily during the brief breeding season in which pandas in proximity to one another will gather. [79] After mating, the male leaves the female alone to raise the cub. [80] Vinegar: Both distilled white vinegar and rice wine vinegar are added to the sauce to give it the perfect tangy flavor.

a b Salesa, M. J.; Mauricio, A.; Peigné, S. & Morales, J. (2006). "Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas". PNAS. 103 (2): 379–382. Bibcode: 2006PNAS..103..379S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0504899102. PMC 1326154. PMID 16387860. Dalui, S.; Singh, S. K.; Joshi, B. D.; Ghosh, A.; Basu, S.; Khatri, H.; Sharma, L. K.; Chandra, K. & Thakur, M. (2021). "Geological and Pleistocene glaciations explain the demography and disjunct distribution of Red Panda ( A. fulgens) in eastern Himalayas". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 65. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80586-6. PMC 7794540. PMID 33420314. a b c d e Wallace, S. C. & Lyon, L. (2021). "Systemic revision of the Ailurinae (Mammalia: Carnivora: Ailuridae): with a new species from North America". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (Seconded.). London: Academic Press. pp.31–52. ISBN 978-0-12-823753-3.

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Roka, B.; Jha, A. K. & Chhetri, D. R. (2021). "A study on plant preferences of Red Panda ( Ailurus fulgens) in the wild habitat: foundation for the conservation of the species". Acta Biologica Sibirica. 7: 425–439. doi: 10.3897/abs.7.e71816. S2CID 244942192. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022 . Retrieved 29 January 2022. Shrestha, S.; Lama, S.; Sherpa, A. P.; Ghale, D. & Lama, S. T. (2021). "The endangered Himalayan Red Panda: first photographic evidence from its westernmost distribution range". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 13 (5): 18156–18163. doi: 10.11609/jott.6100.13.5.18156-18163. In 2006, scientists reported that the number of pandas living in the wild may have been underestimated at about 1,000. Previous population surveys had used conventional methods to estimate the size of the wild panda population, but using a new method that analyzes DNA from panda droppings, scientists believe the wild population may be as large as 3,000. [52] In 2006, there were 40 panda reserves in China, compared to just 13 reserves in 1998. [13] As the species has been reclassified to "vulnerable" since 2016, the conservation efforts are thought to be working. Furthermore, in response to this reclassification, the State Forestry Administration of China announced that they would not accordingly lower the conservation level for panda, and would instead reinforce the conservation efforts. [136]

Megha, M.; Christi, S.; Kapoor, M.; Gopal, R. & Solanki, R. (2021). "Photographic evidence of Red Panda Ailurus fulgens Cuvier, 1825 from West Kameng and Shi-Yomi districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 13 (9): 19254–19262. doi: 10.11609/jott.6666.13.9.19254-19262. Su, B.; Fu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Jin, L. & Chakraborty, R. (2001). "Genetic diversity and population history of the Red Panda ( Ailurus fulgens) as inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence variations". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (6): 1070–1076. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003878. PMID 11371595. a b W., Lynne (July 2006). "Pandas, Inc". National Geographic Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015 . Retrieved 10 April 2008.Api Nampa Conservation Area, Khaptad National Park, Rara National Park, Annapurna Conservation Area, Manaslu Conservation Area, Langtang National Park, Gaurishankar Conservation Area, Sagarmatha National Park, Makalu Barun National Park, Kanchenjunga Conservation Area [36]

Tedford, R. H. & Gustafson, E. P. (1977). "First North American record of the extinct panda Parailurus". Nature. 265 (5595): 621–623. Bibcode: 1977Natur.265..621T. doi: 10.1038/265621a0. S2CID 4214900. a b Zhou, X.; Jiao, H.; Dou, Y.; Aryal, A.; Hu, J.; Hu, J. & Meng, X. (2013). "The winter habitat selection of Red Panda ( Ailurus fulgens) in the Meigu Dafengding National Nature Reserve, China" (PDF). Current Science. 105 (10): 1425–1429. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2022 . Retrieved 18 March 2022. Cuvier, F. (1825). "Panda". In Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E.; Cuvier, F. (eds.). Histoire naturelle des mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans: publié sous l'autorité de l'administration du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle (in French). Vol.5. Paris: A. Belin. p.LII 1–3. a b Bista, D.; Baxter, G. S.; Hudson, N. J.; Lama, S. T. & Murray, P. J. (2021). "Effect of disturbances and habitat fragmentation on an arboreal habitat specialist mammal using GPS telemetry: a case of the red panda". Landscape Ecology. 37 (3): 795–809. doi: 10.1007/s10980-021-01357-w. PMC 8542365. PMID 34720409. The skeleton (left) and taxidermy model (right) of "Tong Tong", once bred in Ueno Zoo at the National Museum of Nature and Science, TokyoThe average giant panda eats as much as 9 to 14kg (20 to 31lb) of bamboo shoots a day to compensate for the limited energy content of its diet. Ingestion of such a large quantity of material is possible and necessary because of the rapid passage of large amounts of indigestible plant material through the short, straight digestive tract. [62] [63] It is also noted, however, that such rapid passage of digesta limits the potential of microbial digestion in the gastrointestinal tract, [62] limiting alternative forms of digestion. Given this voluminous diet, the giant panda defecates up to 40 times a day. [64] The limited energy input imposed on it by its diet has affected the panda's behavior. The giant panda tends to limit its social interactions and avoids steeply sloping terrain to limit its energy expenditures. [65] Datta, A.; Naniwadekar, R. & Anand, M. O. (2008). "Occurrence and conservation status of small carnivores in two protected areas in Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India". Small Carnivore Conservation. 39: 1–10. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022 . Retrieved 18 March 2022. a b Wallace, S. C. & Wang, X. (2004). "Two new carnivores from an unusual late Tertiary forest biota in eastern North America" (PDF). Nature. 431 (7008): 556–559. Bibcode: 2004Natur.431..556W. doi: 10.1038/nature02819. PMID 15457257. S2CID 4432191.

Lwin, Y. H.; Wang, L.; Li, G.; Maung, K. W.; Swa, K. & Quan, R. C. (2021). "Diversity, distribution and conservation of large mammals in northern Myanmar". Global Ecology and Conservation. 29: e01736. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01736.

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Kappelhof, J. & Weerman, J. (2020). "The development of the Red panda Ailurus fulgens EEP: from a failing captive population to a stable population that provides effective support to in situ conservation". International Zoo Yearbook. 54 (1): 102–112. doi: 10.1111/izy.12278. a b c Panthi, S.; Aryal, A.; Raubenheimer, D.; Lord, J. & Adhikari, B. (2012). "Summer diet and distribution of the Red Panda ( Ailurus fulgens fulgens) in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, Nepal" (PDF). Zoological Studies. 51 (5): 701–709. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2022 . Retrieved 18 March 2022. In 2020, results of a genetic analysis of red panda samples showed that the red panda populations in the Himalayas and China were separated about 250,000 years ago. The researchers suggested that the two subspecies should be treated as distinct species. Red pandas in southeastern Tibet and northern Myanmar were found to be part of styani, while those of southern Tibet were of fulgens in the strict sense. [12] DNA sequencing of 132 red panda faecal samples collected in Northeast India and China also showed two distinct clusters indicating that the Siang River constitutes the boundary between the Himalayan and Chinese red pandas. [13] They probably diverged due to glaciation events on the southern Tibetan Plateau in the Pleistocene. [14] Phylogeny Acharya, K. P.; Shrestha, S.; Paudel, P. K.; Sherpa, A. P.; Jnawali, S. R.; Acharya, S. & Bista, D. (2018). "Pervasive human disturbance on habitats of endangered Red Panda Ailurus fulgens in the central Himalaya". Global Ecology and Conservation. 15: e00420. doi: 10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00420. S2CID 92988737.