(24 Pack of ) Ka Strawberry - 330ml

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Liu H, Zhong Y, Guo C, Wang X-L, Xiong J, Cheng Q, et al. Genome-wide analysis and evolution of the bZIP transcription factor gene family in six Fragaria species. Plant Syst Evol. 2017;303(9):1225–37. Gene duplication was observed in wild strawberry, such as FvBBX21a/FvBBX21b, which suggests a family expansion of FvBBXs in wild strawberry driven by gene duplication. Gene loss events involving paralogs of FaBBX21s in cultivated strawberry were found and can be evolutionarily significant in polyploid plants [ 39, 40, 41]. In some phylogenetic clades, such as FvBBX11a-FaBBX11a2, prologues cannot be found from all subgenomes. This is similar to a previous report about the FaMLO gene family in cultivated strawberry, which attributed this phenomenon to the genome variation of the progenitors [ 40]. However, gene loss during the evolution of octoploid strawberry can also be the reason. Therefore, more genome information about the other three diploid strawberries is needed for further explanation. Unique segmental duplication gene pairs, such as FaBBX16a1 and FaBBX16a2, were found in F. vesca-like subgenome in cultivated strawberry. Since the F. vesca-like subgenome is the single dominant subgenome [ 15], gene loss and gain may affect the unique traits of cultivated strawberry. A putative gene translocation ( FaBBX15a2 and FaBBX15a3) from other subgenomes to the F. vesca-like subgenome was found, which provides evidence of the dominance of the F. vesca-like subgenome during homologous chromosomes exchange [ 15, 42]. A recent study showed that PbBBX18, which is a homolog of the BBX21 protein, participated in anthocyanin biosynthesis in the peel of pear fruit [ 43]. On the basis of our result, we propose a divergent evolution process of BBX21, which can affect the fruit quality of the two strawberry species. Therefore, further comparative analyses about two homologs of FvBBX21s and FaBBX21a1 are required. However, the biological significance of these family expansion events for the flowering regulation mechanism of strawberry need to be further explored, since functional studies of the above genes in plant flowering regulation remain scarce.

Hirakawa, H; Shirasawa, K; Kosugi, S; Tashiro, K; Nakayama, S; Yamada, M; Kohara, M; Watanabe, A; Kishida, Y; Fujishiro, T; Tsuruoka, H; Minami, C; Sasamoto, S; Kato, M; Nanri, K; Komaki, A; Yanagi, T; Guoxin, Q; Maeda, F; Ishikawa, M; Kuhara, S; Sato, S; Tabata, S; Isobe, S. N. (2014). "Dissection of the octoploid strawberry genome by deep sequencing of the genomes of fragaria species". DNA Research. 21 (2): 169–81. doi: 10.1093/dnares/dst049. PMC 3989489. PMID 24282021. a b c d e f g h i Dana Goodyear (14 August 2017). "How Driscoll's reinvented the strawberry". The New Yorker . Retrieved 26 June 2019.Strawberries in winter? Welcome to franken-season". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022 . Retrieved 7 June 2018. Liao Y, Smyth GK, Shi W. featureCounts: an efficient general purpose program for assigning sequence reads to genomic features. Bioinformatics. 2014;30(7):923–30. Strawberries may also be propagated by seed, though this is primarily a hobby activity, and is not widely practiced commercially. A few seed-propagated cultivars have been developed for home use, and research into growing from seed commercially is ongoing. [45] Seeds ( achenes) are acquired either via commercial seed suppliers, or by collecting and saving them from the fruit. We identified 47 differentially expressed FaBBXs ( Figure 7A,B), which indicates that the BBXs in cultivated strawberry participated in various transcriptional regulation networks, including the response to external environment and progression of development. Among differentially expressed FaBBXs, several FaBBXs, including FaBBX19a3, FaBBX15a1, FaBBX15a2, FaBBX15a3, FaBBX15a4, FaBBX28b3, FaBBX19a2, FaBBX19a4 and FaBBX28c2, participate in multiple regulatory pathways, such as light signaling and fruit development. Generally, most of the genes in the same phylogenetic clade show similar expression patterns ( Figure 7B and Figure S7). However, there are conflicting expression patterns of FaBBXs of the same phylogenetic clade. For example, FaBBX28c3 and FaBBX28c4 have a close phylogenetic relationship with each other, whereas their expression shows diverge in the comparison between roots and leaves. This divergent expression pattern reflects divergence of the gene functions.

Garden strawberries contain the dimeric ellagitannin agrimoniin which is an isomer of sanguiin H-6. [8] [9] Other polyphenols present include flavonoids, such as anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols and phenolic acids, such as hydroxybenzoic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid. [7] Strawberries contain fisetin and possess higher levels of this flavonoid than other fruits. [9] [10] Although achenes comprise only about 1% of total fresh weight of a strawberry, they contribute 11% of the total polyphenol in the whole fruit; achene phytochemicals include ellagic acid, ellagic acid glycosides, and ellagitannins. [11] Color

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The evolutionary relationships of BBX proteins among wild strawberry (FvBBXs), cultivated strawberry (FaBBXs), and Arabidopsis (AtBBXs) were inferred using a maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis. According to the topology of the phylogenetic tree and a previous report in Arabidopsis [ 2, 3], BBX proteins can be divided into five groups (designated Groups I–V) ( Figure 1). All five groups contain BBX proteins from Arabidopsis and two strawberry species, which suggests a common ancient origin of BBX proteins from these species. Group I contains 3 FvBBXs and 10 FaBBXs. Only one FvBBX (FvBBX11a) and two FaBBXs (FaBBX11a1 and FaBBX11a2) are classified into Group II. Group III contains two FvBBXs (FvBBX15a and FvBBX16a) and nine FaBBXs. In total, 6 FvBBXs and 15 FaBBXs are classified into Group IV, which is the largest group in BBX gene families in wild strawberry and cultivated strawberry. Group V contains 4 FvBBXs and 15 FaBBXs. Moreover, the clade, which comprises AtBBX28, two FvBBX28s, and eight FaBBX28s, implies an expansion after the speciation event between the strawberries’ ancestor species and Arabidopsis. a b "Commercial Postharvest Handling of Strawberries ( Fragaria spp.)". Extension.umn.edu. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013 . Retrieved 5 May 2009.