The Ultimate Dinosaur Encyclopedia

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University of Southampton (September 29, 2021). "Two New Species of Large Predatory Dinosaur With Crocodile-Like Skulls Discovered on Isle of Wight". SciTechDaily. They may have began earlier: Alcobar, Oscar A.; Martinez, Ricardo N. (19 October 2010). "A new herrerasaurid (Dinosauria, Saurischia) from the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina". ZooKeys (63): 55–81. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.63.550. PMC 3088398. PMID 21594020. Main article: Dinosaur renaissance John Ostrom's original restoration of Deinonychus, published in 1969 Lessem, Don; Glut, Donald F. (1993). The Dinosaur Society's Dinosaur Encyclopedia. Illustrations by Tracy Lee Ford; scientific advisors, Peter Dodson, et al. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-41770-5. LCCN 94117716. OCLC 30361459 . Retrieved October 30, 2019. Based on fossil evidence from dinosaurs such as Oryctodromeus, some ornithischian species seem to have led a partially fossorial (burrowing) lifestyle. [174] Many modern birds are arboreal (tree climbing), and this was also true of many Mesozoic birds, especially the enantiornithines. [175] While some early bird-like species may have already been arboreal as well (including dromaeosaurids) such as Microraptor [176]) most non-avialan dinosaurs seem to have relied on land-based locomotion. A good understanding of how dinosaurs moved on the ground is key to models of dinosaur behavior; the science of biomechanics, pioneered by Robert McNeill Alexander, has provided significant insight in this area. For example, studies of the forces exerted by muscles and gravity on dinosaurs' skeletal structure have investigated how fast dinosaurs could run, [136] whether diplodocids could create sonic booms via whip-like tail snapping, [177] and whether sauropods could float. [178] Communication

MacLeod, Norman; Rawson, Peter F.; Forey, Peter L.; etal. (1997). "The Cretaceous–Tertiary biotic transition". Journal of the Geological Society. London: Geological Society of London. 154 (2): 265–292. Bibcode: 1997JGSoc.154..265M. doi: 10.1144/gsjgs.154.2.0265. ISSN 0016-7649. S2CID 129654916.Lee, MichaelS.Y.; Cau, Andrea; Naish, Darren; Dyke, Gareth J. (1 August 2014). "Sustained miniaturization and anatomical innovation in the dinosaurian ancestors of birds". Science. 345 (6196): 562–566. Bibcode: 2014Sci...345..562L. doi: 10.1126/science.1252243. PMID 25082702. S2CID 37866029 . Retrieved August 2, 2014. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter ( link) Farlow, James O.; Brett-Surman, M.K., eds. (1997). The Complete Dinosaur. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-33349-0. LCCN 97-23698. OCLC 924985811 . Retrieved October 14, 2019. Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, Halszka, eds. (2004). The Dinosauria (2nded.). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25408-4. LCCN 2004049804. OCLC 154697781. Sarjeant, William A.S., ed. (1995). Vertebrate Fossils and the Evolution of Scientific Concepts: Writings in Tribute to Beverly Halstead, by Some of His Many Friends. ISBN 978-2-88124-996-9. ISSN 0026-7775. LCCN 00500382. OCLC 34672546. {{ cite book}}: |journal= ignored ( help) "Reprint of papers published in a special volume of Modern geology [v. 18 (Halstead memorial volume), 1993], with five additional contributions.--Pref."

Dinosaur bones 'used as medicine' ". BBC News. London: BBC. July 6, 2007. Archived from the original on August 27, 2019 . Retrieved November 4, 2019. Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. 2007. Dinosaurs: the most complete, up-to-date encyclopedia for dinosaur lovers of all ages. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-82419-7C A saurischian pelvis ( Staurikosaurus) D Lesothosaurus pelvis Dinosaur classification [ change | change source ] There were larger dinosaurs, but knowledge of them is based entirely on a small number of fragmentary fossils. Most of the largest herbivorous specimens on record were discovered in the 1970s or later, and include the massive Argentinosaurus, which may have weighed 80 000 to 100 000kilograms (90 to 110short tons) and reached lengths of 30 to 40 meters (98 to 131ft); some of the longest were the 33.5-meter (110ft) long Diplodocus hallorum [143] (formerly Seismosaurus), the 33-to-34-meter (108 to 112ft) long Supersaurus, [150] and 37-meter (121ft) long Patagotitan; and the tallest, the 18-meter (59ft) tall Sauroposeidon, which could have reached a sixth-floor window. The heaviest and longest dinosaur may have been Maraapunisaurus, known only from a now lost partial vertebral neural arch described in 1878. Extrapolating from the illustration of this bone, the animal may have been 58 meters (190ft) long and weighed 122 400 kg ( 270 000 lb). [143] However, as no further evidence of sauropods of this size has been found, and the discoverer, Cope, had made typographic errors before, it is likely to have been an extreme overestimation. [151] Curry Rogers, Kristina A.; Wilson, Jeffrey A., eds. (2005). The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24623-2. LCCN 2005010624. OCLC 879179542. Warm blooded animals have a high metabolic rate (use up food faster). They can be more active, and for longer, than animals who depend on the environment for heating. Therefore, the idea of warm-blooded dinosaurs insulated by feathers led to the idea that they were more active, intelligent and faster runners than previously thought. [20] Restoration of four macronarian sauropods: from left to right Camarasaurus, Brachiosaurus, Giraffatitan, and Euhelopus

Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2007). Dinosaurs: the most complete, up-to-date encyclopedia for dinosaur lovers of all ages. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-82419-7. Wang, Steve C.; Dodson, Peter (2006). "Estimating the diversity of dinosaurs". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. 103 (37): 13601–13605. Bibcode: 2006PNAS..10313601W. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0606028103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1564218. PMID 16954187. This was recognized not later than 1909: Celeskey, Matt (2005). "Dr. W. J. Holland and the Sprawling Sauropods". The Hairy Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on June 12, 2011 . Retrieved October 18, 2019. Paul, Gregory S., ed. (2000). The Scientific American Book of Dinosaurs (1sted.). New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-26226-6. LCCN 2001269051. OCLC 45256074. Currie, Philip J.; Padian, Kevin, eds. (1997). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-226810-6. LCCN 97023430. OCLC 436848919 . Retrieved October 30, 2019.Plot, Robert (1677). The Natural History of Oxford-shire: Being an Essay toward the Natural History of England. LCCN 11004267. OCLC 933062622 . Retrieved November 13, 2019. {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored ( help) Dinosaurs are archosaurs, a larger group of reptiles that first appeared about 251 million years ago, near the start of the Triassic Period. Main-stream palaeontologists have followed this view for small theropods, but not for larger herbivores. [21] Since we know that the size of a Stegosaur's brain was about the size of a walnut, there is good reason to think its intelligence was limited. Dinosaurs diverged from their archosaur ancestors during the Middle to Late Triassic epochs, roughly 20million years after the devastating Permian–Triassic extinction event wiped out an estimated 96% of all marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species approximately 252million years ago. [104] [105] The oldest dinosaur fossils known from substantial remains date to the Carnian epoch of the Triassic period and have been found primarily in the Ischigualasto and Santa Maria Formations of Argentina, and the Pebbly Arkose Formation of Zimbabwe. [106] Using one of the above definitions, dinosaurs can be generally described as archosaurs with hind limbs held erect beneath the body. [17] Other prehistoric animals, including pterosaurs, mosasaurs, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and Dimetrodon, while often popularly conceived of as dinosaurs, are not taxonomically classified as dinosaurs. [18] Pterosaurs are distantly related to dinosaurs, being members of the clade Ornithodira. The other groups mentioned are, like dinosaurs and pterosaurs, members of Sauropsida (the reptile and bird clade), except Dimetrodon (which is a synapsid). None of them had the erect hind limb posture characteristic of true dinosaurs. [19]